论文快递：第七十七期
编者按
Urban Studies 每年投稿量为1000多篇，每年发表16期，共180篇论文左右。由于稿件量大，文章从接收到正式出版周期较长，因此编辑部会在稿件接收排版后的第一时间在网上发布论文全文 (Online First) 。"论文快递" 栏目将同步推出网上刊登的最新论文，方便读者了解Urban Studies的最新动态，敬请关注！
本期为“论文快递”栏目的第七十七期，将介绍Urban Studies的5篇论文，主题涵盖哥本哈根和汉堡的城市更新项目与企业家主义治理、英国1945年后的城市管理主义、土地使用管制对低收入社区绅士化的影响、中国城市的国际学校的（去）领地化，以及人力资本差异与城市规模分布等，欢迎阅读。
Developing urban growth and urban quality: Entrepreneurial governance and urban redevelopment projects in Copenhagen and Hamburg
城市增长和城市质量的发展：哥本哈根和汉堡的企业家主义治理和城市更新项目
Jürgen Bruns-Berentelg（德国汉堡港城）
Luise Noring（丹麦哥本哈根商学院）
Adam Grydehøj（浙江大学）
首次出版时间：2020/9/15｜研究论文
Abstract
This paper considers the cases of urban redevelopment at waterfront and brownfield sites in Copenhagen (Denmark) and Hamburg (Germany) to explore how two municipal governments have pursued divergent kinds of entrepreneurial governance, even as they have aimed to create similar kinds of new-build neighbourhoods. Copenhagen and Hamburg have both engaged in large-scale speculative development projects, simultaneously raising urban land values and adding urban public good. The cities follow a long tradition of using land value capture to raise funds for municipal activities, yet their scopes of action and tools for achieving progress have been shaped by local economic and political conditions. Although both cities began redevelopment at similar kinds of sites in the 1990s, Copenhagen’s municipal government was relatively impoverished, while Hamburg’s municipal government was relatively wealthy. As a result, even though both cities deployed state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and revolving funds models to reinvest revenues in future development, they possessed different potential strategies for increasing intercity competitiveness: Copenhagen’s immediate aim in redeveloping its Ørestad and harbour districts was to fund a citywide mass transit system and thereby enhance competitiveness through infrastructure development, while Hamburg sought to use its HafenCity waterfront redevelopment to boost competitiveness through port modernisation, increased in urban quality and commercial expansion in the city centre. By comparing these two cases, we can better understand the contingent nature of entrepreneurial governance and urban redevelopment processes.
摘要
本文以丹麦哥本哈根和德国汉堡的滨水区和旧城区的城市再开发为例，探讨两个市政府如何实行不同类型的创业主义治理，尽管他们的目标是创建类似的新建社区。哥本哈根和汉堡都开展了大型投机性开发项目，这些项目同时提高了城市土地价值并增加了城市公共产品。这些城市遵循利用土地价值获取为市政建设筹集资金的悠久传统，但它们的行动范围和取得进展的工具则是由当地的经济和政治条件决定的。尽管这两个城市在20世纪90年代开始在类似的地点进行再开发，但哥本哈根市政府相对贫困，而汉堡市政府相对富裕。因此，尽管两个城市都实施了国有企业和循环基金模式，将收入再投资于未来的发展，但它们在提高城市竞争力方面则实施了不同的潜在战略：哥本哈根重建其奥雷斯塔德 (Ørestad) 和港口区的近期目标是为全市公共交通系统提供资金，从而通过基础设施发展提高竞争力，而汉堡则试图利用其哈芬西提滨水区 (HafenCity) 的再开发，通过港口现代化、提高城市品味和市中心的商业扩张来提高竞争力。通过比较这两个案例，我们可以更好地理解创业主义治理和城市再开发过程中的偶然性。
Keywords
governance, housing, local government, planning, redevelopment/regeneration, state-owned enterprises, urban growth治理, 住房, 地方政府, 规划, 再开发/更新, 国有企业, 城市发展
Actually existing managerialism: Planning, politics and property development in post-1945 Britain
实际存在的管理主义：1945年后英国的规划、政治和房地产开发
Alistair Kefford（荷兰莱顿大学）
首次出版时间：2020/9/16｜研究论文
Abstract
This article engages a long-established paradigm within urban studies: that of the transition from managerialism to entrepreneurialism in late 20th-century urban governance and the associated process of neoliberalisation. It begins from a fundamental intellectual problem; although we are well served with studies of urban entrepreneurialism and neoliberalism, we know surprisingly little of the detailed workings of the ‘pre-neoliberal’, managerial era from the 1940s to the 1970s. In the absence of sustained investigation of this period, many chronologies and critiques of urban transformation rest upon a set of assumptions which – as this article shows – are not always accurate. The article focuses upon Britain, tracing the installation of a modern planning regime in the 1940s and surveying some key features of the UK urban redevelopment regime as it evolved over the ensuing decades. It shows that much of what is held to be paradigmatic of neoliberal urbanism (public–private partnerships, urban entrepreneurialism, financialisation) was already powerfully present within British urbanism in the earlier, managerial era. I highlight in particular the dramatic post-war rise of the UK property development industry, and the new urban forms and norms it generated, as a key product of the era of urban managerialism in Britain. I relate these surprising findings to Britain’s distinctive history and political economy but I also advance arguments that are of wider relevance; around the nature and aims of governance from the 1940s to the 1970s, and how we should best conceptualise and explain processes of neoliberalisation.
摘要
本文探讨城市研究中的一个确立已久的范式：即20世纪末城市治理中从管理主义向创业主义的过渡、以及相关的新自由主义化进程。本文首先提出了一个基本的知识问题：虽然我们对城市创业主义和新自由主义的研究很有帮助，但对1940年代到1970年代的“前新自由主义”的管理主义时代的详细运作情况，我们却知之甚少。由于缺乏对这一时期的持续研究，许多关于城市转型的历史记载和评论都建立在一系列假设之上。正如本文所表明的，这些假设并不总是准确的。本文聚焦于英国，追溯了20世纪40年代现代规划制度的建立，并考察了英国城市再开发制度在随后几十年的发展中的一些关键特征。本文表明，在早期的管理主义时代，被认为是新自由主义城市化典范的许多东西（公私合作、城市创业、金融化）早已在英国的城市化中得到了有力体现。我特别强调了战后英国房地产开发行业的戏剧性崛起，以及由此产生的新的城市形式和规范，这是英国城市管理主义时代的一个重要产物。我将这些惊人的发现与英国独特的历史和政治经济联系起来，但我也提出例如具有更广泛相关性的论点。我的论点围绕20世纪40年代到70年代的治理的性质和目标，以及我们应该如何最好地概念化和解释新自由主义进程。
Keywords
built environment, development, finance, financialisation, heritage, history, memory, neoliberalisation, planning, urban managerialism
关键词
建筑环境, 开发, 金融, 金融化, 遗产, 历史, 记忆, 新自由主义, 规划, 城市管理主义
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020949034
The influence of land use regulation on the probability that low-income neighbourhoods will gentrify
土地使用管制对低收入社区绅士化概率的影响
Susane Leguizamon（美国西肯塔基大学）
David Christafore（美国蒙大拿州立大学）
首次出版时间：2020/9/16｜研究论文
Abstract
The divergence in housing price growth in the US in coastal cities relative to inland cities has been thought to occur, in large part, due to severe housing regulations and restrictions on development. Researchers have posited that this trend implies that these heavily regulated cities are experiencing higher incidences of gentrification. However, the gentrification of lower-income communities may be negatively influenced by restrictive regulations rather than positively, as is the case with overall housing price growth. This may occur if restrictions make it more difficult to improve housing structures and engage in new housing projects. We use data from over 12,000 census tracts to analyse the relationship between land use regulations and the probability an area will undergo gentrification in the years 2000 to 2010. By separating the influence of higher levels of regulation on overall housing price growth from the likelihood that a lower-income neighbourhood will gentrify, we find that regulation has opposing forces. While increased levels of regulation are associated with an almost 10% greater increase in overall housing prices, they are also associated with a three to four percentage-point lower probability that a lower-income tract will experience gentrification, contrary to previous conclusions.
摘要
人们认为，美国沿海城市相对于内陆城市的房价增长出现差异，在很大程度上是由于严格的住房法规和对发展的限制。研究者们认为，这一趋势意味着这些监管非常严格的城市正在出现更高的绅士化发生率。然而，低收入社区的绅士化可能受到限制性法规的负面影响，而不是正面影响，正如整体房价增长的情况一样。如果限制使改善住房结构和参与新的住房项目更加困难，就可能出现这种情况。我们针对2000年到2010年间的时期，使用来自12,000多个人口普查区的数据分析土地使用法规与一个地区发生绅士化的可能性之间的关系。我们将更高水平的监管对整体房价增长的影响与一个低收入社区绅士化的可能性相分离，发现监管能产生反作用。尽管高监管水平与整体房价上涨提高近10%相关，但与之前的结论相反的是，高监管水平也与低收入阶层经历绅士化的可能性降低3到4个百分点相关。
Keywords
displacement, gentrification, housing, land use, local government, policy
关键词
驱逐, 绅士化, 住房, 土地使用, 地方政府, 政策
原文地址
The (de)territorialised appeal of international schools in China: Forging brands, boundaries and inter-belonging in segregated urban space
国际学校在中国的（去）领土化吸引力：在隔离的城市空间中打造品牌、边界和相互归属感
Lily Kong（新加坡管理大学）
Orlando Woods（新加坡管理大学）
Hong Zhu（广州大学）
首次出版时间：2020/9/19｜研究论文
Abstract
This paper considers how the (de)territorialised appeal of international schools in China can reflect, enforce and expand pre-existing patterns of urban segregation. Whilst exploration of the effects of educational marketplaces on urban environments has become a focus of scholarly research, the recent expansion in the supply of, and demand for, international education has caused these effects to become more nuanced. As (de)territorialised entities, international schools can cause multiple forms of spatial and psycho-social distinction and (dis)association to become intertwined, the effects of which start from the school and radiate out from there. International schools can therefore cause segregation to become a structurally entrenched phenomenon. These ideas are illustrated through an empirical examination of three international schools located in the eastern Chinese city of Suzhou. We explore the ways in which these schools are branded spaces that reproduce socio-spatial boundaries and thus foster a (de)territorialised sense of inter-belonging amongst their students.
摘要
本文探讨了国际学校在中国的（去）领土化吸引力如何反映、强化和扩展原有的城市隔离模式。虽然探索教育市场对城市环境的影响已经成为学术研究的焦点，但最近国际教育供求的扩大导致这些影响变得更加微妙。作为（去）领土化实体，国际学校可能导致多种形式的空间和心理-社会区隔和联合/割裂交织在一起，其影响从学校开始扩散开来。因此，国际学校可能导致隔离成为一种结构性的、根深蒂固的现象。这些观点通过对位于中国东部城市苏州的三所国际学校的实证研究得到了印证。我们研究这些学校如何成为再现社会空间边界的品牌空间，从而培养学生中间的一种（去）领土化的相互归属感。
Keywords
(de)territorialisation, China, inter-belonging, international schools, segregated urban space
关键词
领土化, 中国, 相互归属, 国际学校, 隔离的城市空间
原文地址
Human capital divergence and the size distribution of cities: Is Gibrat’s law obsolete?
人力资本差异与城市规模分布：吉布拉特定律过时了吗？
首次出版时间：2020/9/19｜研究论文
Abstract
This article studies how the changing geographic distribution of skilled workers in the US affects theoretical models that use Gibrat’s law to explain the size distribution of cities. In the empirical literature, a divergence hypothesis holds that college share increases faster in cities where college share is larger, and a growth hypothesis maintains that the rate of city population growth is also directly related to initial college share. Examining the divergence hypothesis, the classic test for Gibrat’s law is shown to be a test for
摘要
本文研究了美国技术工人地理分布的变化如何影响使用吉布拉特定律 (Gibrat’s law) 解释城市规模分布的理论模型。在实证文献中，差异假说认为大学份额在大学份额较高的城市增长较快，而增长假说认为城市人口增长率也与大学初始份额直接相关。通过考察差异假说，吉布拉特定律的经典检验被证明是对b-收敛的检验。测试表明，自20世纪70年代以来，人力资本的差异是绝对的，而不是相对的。然而，甚至绝对差异和增长假说的结合也被证明违反了城市人口增长与其规模无关的条件。额外的测试发现大学份额和城市增长之间的关系是凹面的而不是划一的。这些结果表明，随机增长模型能够经受住人力资本分布差异带来的挑战。
Keywords
divergence, Gibrat’s law, human capital, skill ratio, Zipf’s law
关键词
差异, 吉布拉特定律 (Gibrat’s law), 人力资本, 技能比率, 齐夫定律 (Zipf’s law)
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098020953095推介Urban Studies期刊的最新文章和城市研究的最新动态，搭建中国城市研究学者交流切磋的学术平台。
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